{"id":37539,"date":"2024-12-30T11:00:32","date_gmt":"2024-12-30T10:00:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/?p=37539"},"modified":"2024-12-20T09:24:40","modified_gmt":"2024-12-20T08:24:40","slug":"soil-microbes-plant-bees","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/environment\/soil-microbes-plant-bees\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil microbes help plants to attract bees"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>According to a UC Berkeley study, mycorrhizal fungi impact flower characteristics and, consequently, the number and duration of visits by bees<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Certain soil microbes may help plants produce larger flowers, thereby attracting more <strong>bees<\/strong>. This is suggested by a <a href=\"https:\/\/nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/nph.20219\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study<\/a> published in the journal New Phytologist that focuses on the <strong>relationships between microorganisms and roots<\/strong> with the goal of illustrating how variations in floral traits affect interactions between plants and pollinators. The research, involving<strong> UC Berkeley<\/strong> scientists, focused on <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/acidified-soils-fungi-fertilisers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<\/a>\u00a0<strong>(AMF)<\/strong>, which enter into symbiosis with plants, providing them with nutrients and water in exchange for carbon.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"WVW9vkUL5c\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/fungi-carbon-forest\/\">This is how fungi regulate the carbon cycle in forests<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;This is how fungi regulate the carbon cycle in forests&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/fungi-carbon-forest\/embed\/#?secret=7g18WIa8Ne#?secret=WVW9vkUL5c\" data-secret=\"WVW9vkUL5c\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Fungal presence affects plant growth<\/h5>\n<p>\u201cFloral traits, including floral display and nutritional rewards from pollen and nectar, drive <strong>pollinator<\/strong> visitation,\u201d the study explains. \u201cEven within a single plant species, environmental factors can influence the quality and quantity of floral resources. Yet, the ecological interactions driving this variation in floral resources, especially those <strong>belowground<\/strong>, remain unknown.\u201d<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>To explain these processes, the researchers analyzed how the presence of <strong>arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi<\/strong> in the soil and the availability of nutrients such as phosphorus influence plant growth and the characteristics of the fungi themselves and <strong>flowers<\/strong>. And how these, in turn, influence bee visitation.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The authors examined the effect of different treatment combinations using \u201ctwo nutrient levels (low vs high P supply) and four different synthetic AMF mixtures (competitor, stress-tolerant, and <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ruderal_species\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ruderal<\/a> species plus a mixture of all four species) and a control, in a factorial design for a total of <strong>10 treatment combinations<\/strong> with five replicates each.\u201d The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse and experimental field at the University of California, Berkeley between June and August 2019.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"Rnj6SSG7Jc\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/urbanisation-bee-butterfly\/\">The degree of urbanisation reduces wild bees and butterfly diversity<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;The degree of urbanisation reduces wild bees and butterfly diversity&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/urbanisation-bee-butterfly\/embed\/#?secret=EMt74dcn8i#?secret=Rnj6SSG7Jc\" data-secret=\"Rnj6SSG7Jc\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Attendances increase by 28%, visit time by 47%.<\/h5>\n<p>The results were clear. \u201cWe found that increased AMF richness of functional diversity enhanced floral display (flower size and number) and rewards (nectar volume and pollen protein) and increased bee visitation,\u201d the study explains. This is a result of <strong>increased flower size<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>However, the authors explain, there are also some critical issues: \u201cflower size <strong>correlates negatively with root colonization<\/strong> but positively with <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hypha\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hyphal<\/a> length, suggesting that AMF traits drive the effects of AMF on flower growth.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>On balance, they say, \u201cPlants grown with AMF inoculum <strong>received 28% more bee visits and 47% more bee visitation time<\/strong>&#8220;. Plants inoculated with six AMF species (i.e. representing all functional groups) received the highest bee visitation time was highest. P supply did not affect bee visitation or number of bee visits.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"c9PZcYzcmU\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/bees-pesticides-pollen\/\">Pesticides persist in bee pollen, study says<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Pesticides persist in bee pollen, study says&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/bees-pesticides-pollen\/embed\/#?secret=v0D7QdT51M#?secret=c9PZcYzcmU\" data-secret=\"c9PZcYzcmU\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Dynamics at the subsoil level provide important insights<\/h5>\n<p>In general, the research concludes, the effect of microbes on floral traits and bee visitation <strong>has not been homogeneous<\/strong>. The different types of fungi involved, in fact, result in different consequences on flowers and bee foraging dynamics. Analysis of the interactions occurring in the understory, therefore, may offer <strong>new insights<\/strong> into the factors that can increase bee visitation.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur findings reveal that the hidden roles of AMF can emerge,\u201d explained <strong>Aidee Guzman<\/strong>, researcher and co-author of the study at the University of California Berkeley and now a professor at <strong>Stanford University<\/strong>, in a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eurekalert.org\/news-releases\/1066439\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement<\/a>. \u201cFloral traits and bee activity varied between compositionally distinct AMF communities, emphasizing that not all AMF communities are the same.\u201d<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>According to a UC Berkeley study, mycorrhizal fungi impact flower characteristics and, consequently, the number and duration of visits by bees<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":37547,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,134],"tags":[190,200,204,237,188,186],"class_list":["post-37539","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-articles","tag-agriculture","tag-biodiversity","tag-ecosystems","tag-organic-matter","tag-research","tag-soil"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - 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