{"id":35428,"date":"2024-09-19T11:00:38","date_gmt":"2024-09-19T09:00:38","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/articles\/batteri-suolo-ph-interazioni\/"},"modified":"2024-09-30T10:51:48","modified_gmt":"2024-09-30T08:51:48","slug":"soil-bacteria-ph-interaction","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/environment\/soil-bacteria-ph-interaction\/","title":{"rendered":"Soil bacteria survive by cooperating with each other"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>With gene sequencing, researchers at Ohio State University have shown how bacteria cooperate to thrive in environments characterised by different pH levels<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Soil pH is a key determinant of <strong>bacterial community composition<\/strong>. But the need to deal with toxicity released during the nitrogen cycle determines crucial microbial interactions that ultimately shape the final microbial community. This is supported by a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41564-024-01752-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study<\/a> from <strong>Ohio State University<\/strong>. The work, in particular, helps clarify the microbial basis of the global nitrogen cycle and may provide a new way of thinking about nitrous oxide emissions, a potent greenhouse gas.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"botz7oXPEx\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-restoration-study-microbes\/\">Return of microbes certifies soil restoration in Brazil<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Return of microbes certifies soil restoration in Brazil&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-restoration-study-microbes\/embed\/#?secret=RIb5gWleVM#?secret=botz7oXPEx\" data-secret=\"botz7oXPEx\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>pH is a key factor<\/h5>\n<p>The research, recently published in the journal Nature Microbiology, starts from a well-known idea: the strong <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/bacteria-grassland-soil-acidita\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">correlation between bacteria and soil microbes<\/a> in general and the <strong>pH<\/strong> of the latter. This is also correlated with the role of microbes in maintaining soil health and productivity. The authors, a <a href=\"https:\/\/news.osu.edu\/bacteria-work-together-to-thrive-in-difficult-conditions\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement<\/a> says, used a dataset from a global collection of top soil samples.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>In doing so, they sequenced the genomes of microbes and analysed important <strong>soil characteristics<\/strong> such as <strong>nitrogen<\/strong> and carbon content and acidity level.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Based on the genetic composition of the microbial communities, the researchers determined the functional roles of the microorganisms by identifying the presence of bacteria involved in the conversion of nitrogen into a form that can be assimilated by plants and subsequently released by them into the atmosphere. \u201cA bioinformatics analysis,&#8221; the statement explains, showed that soil pH was the <strong>most important environmental factor<\/strong> associated with the abundance of these organisms.&#8221; But there is more.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_2967\" style=\"width: 595px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-2967\" class=\"size-full wp-image-2967\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sistema-suolo.jpg\" alt=\"Organizzazione della rete alimentare del suolo. Modello semplificato dei diversi gruppi di organismi del suolo: i microrganismi, micro, meso e macrofauna sono raggruppati in tre categorie nella rete alimentare e la sua differenziazione funzionale. In primo luogo, la micro-rete alimentare (linee tratteggiate) comprende batteri e funghi, che sono alla base della rete alimentare e decompongono la materia organica del suolo, che rappresenta la risorsa di base dell'ecosistema del suolo, e i loro predatori diretti, protozoi e nematodi. In secondo luogo, i trasformatori della lettiera includono i microartropodi che frammentano la lettiera, creando nuove superfici per l'attacco microbico. Infine, gli ingegneri dell'ecosistema, come termiti, lombrichi e formiche, modificano la struttura del suolo migliorando la circolazione di nutrienti, energia, gas e acqua. Adattato da Coleman e Wall, 2015. FONTE: FAO State of knowledge of soil biodiversity\u2014Report 2020.\" width=\"585\" height=\"629\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sistema-suolo.jpg 585w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/sistema-suolo-279x300.jpg 279w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 585px) 100vw, 585px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-2967\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Organisation of the soil food web. Simplified model of the different groups of soil organisms: micro-, meso- and macrofauna are grouped into three categories in the food web and its functional differentiation. First, the micro-food web (dotted lines) comprises bacteria and fungi, which form the basis of the food web and decompose soil organic matter, which is the basic resource of the soil ecosystem, and their direct predators, protozoa and nematodes. Second, litter transformers include microarthropods that fragment litter, creating new surfaces for microbial attack. Finally, ecosystem engineers, such as termites, earthworms and ants, modify the soil structure by improving the circulation of nutrients, energy, gas and water. Adapted from Coleman and Wall, 2015. SOURCE: FAO State of knowledge of soil biodiversity\u2014Report 2020.<\/p><\/div>\n<h5>Cooperation is also crucial<\/h5>\n<p>The researchers used the process of nitrogen compound processing (so-called <strong>denitrification<\/strong>) as a model to demonstrate how metagenomic patterns in soil microbiomes can emerge from interactions that are in turn conditioned by pH. \u201cIn an analysis of a global soil sequencing survey,&#8221; the research states, \u201cwe find that the abundances of two genotypes trade off with pH: <strong>nar gene<\/strong> abundances increase while <strong>nap<\/strong> abundances decrease with declining pH.\u201d<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Moreover, \u201cWe then show that in <strong>acidic conditions<\/strong> strains possessing nar <strong>fail to grow in isolation<\/strong> but are enriched in the community due to an ecological interaction with nap genotypes.\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In short, it is not only the environment itself that determines the higher or lower presence of certain bacteria, but also the set of interactions between different soil organisms. \u201cThis means that pH is affecting the interaction between organisms in the community in a more or less consistent way \u2013 it\u2019s always about the toxicity of nitrite,\u201d explained <strong>Karna Gowda<\/strong>, assistant professor of microbiology at Ohio State University and co-author of the study. \u201cAnd this highlights how different bacteria work together to thrive in varying soil pH levels.\u201d<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"WyboymXqyS\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/soil-nitrogen-pollution\/\">Soil nitrogen is the one responsible for water pollution<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; visibility: hidden;\" title=\"&#8220;Soil nitrogen is the one responsible for water pollution&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/soil-nitrogen-pollution\/embed\/#?secret=YQ2fhNtQes#?secret=WyboymXqyS\" data-secret=\"WyboymXqyS\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>New insights for climate mitigation<\/h5>\n<p>The research thus provides new insights into the dynamics involving bacteria and other microorganisms that, the authors note, are not only driven by the will to survive but also rely on each other for this purpose. A phenomenon that also has implications for <strong>the health of the environment<\/strong> and paves the way to new understandings.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>In particular, understanding <strong>how interactions and the environment influence nitrous oxide emissions<\/strong> could provide new insights into mitigating the action of this potent greenhouse gas, according to the authors.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>&#8220;Denitrifying bacteria are key sources and sinks of nitrous oxide in agricultural soils,&#8221; said Gowda. &#8220;While past studies have focused on the behavior of these nitrous oxide-emitting organisms in different pH conditions, considering their ecological interactions may offer new strategies to lower emissions.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With gene sequencing, researchers at Ohio State University have shown how bacteria cooperate to thrive in environments characterised by different pH levels<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":35435,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,134],"tags":[200,187,204,247,188,186,163],"class_list":["post-35428","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-articles","tag-biodiversity","tag-climate","tag-ecosystems","tag-monitoraggio-en","tag-research","tag-soil","tag-usa-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Soil bacteria survive by cooperating with each other<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Understanding how interactions between bacteria influence nitrogen emissions provide new insights into mitigating this greenhouse gas\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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