{"id":34212,"date":"2024-06-28T11:00:11","date_gmt":"2024-06-28T09:00:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/articles\/clima-suolo-erosione-usa\/"},"modified":"2024-06-27T23:07:28","modified_gmt":"2024-06-27T21:07:28","slug":"soil-climate-erosion-usa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/soil-climate-erosion-usa\/","title":{"rendered":"How climate and human activities have eroded the US soil"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>Climate and land-use change have promoted erosion in the United States over the past 70 years. The Central Great Plains has experienced the most significant loss<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Climate<\/strong> plays a key role in shaping soil dynamics and soil <strong>erosion<\/strong>. This was revealed by a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s43247-024-01299-6#Sec2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research<\/a> conducted by a group of researchers from several countries that focused on a time horizon of almost seventy years. &#8220;Understanding spatio-temporal changes in <strong>soil thickness<\/strong> and their natural and anthropogenic driving factors are essential for earth system modeling and natural resource conservation,&#8221; the authors explain.<\/p>\n<p>The study, which involved the Universities of Wisconsin and Oregon, in the <strong>USA<\/strong>, the University of C\u00f3rdoba, in <strong>Spain<\/strong>, and the University of Minas-Gerais, in <strong>Brazil<\/strong>, processed data collected <strong>between 1950 and 2018 in the 48 contiguous US states<\/strong>, i.e. the entire US territory with the exception of Hawaii and Alaska.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"1CY8PJqL8A\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/china-black-soil-campaign\/\">China launches anti-erosion black soil campaign<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;China launches anti-erosion black soil campaign&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/china-black-soil-campaign\/embed\/#?secret=ltQT0hOXRK#?secret=1CY8PJqL8A\" data-secret=\"1CY8PJqL8A\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The study<\/h5>\n<p>The authors, says a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uco.es\/ucci\/es\/noticias-ingles\/item\/4689-soil-depth-study\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement<\/a> from the University of C\u00f3rdoba, analysed the spatial variability of soil using various statistical methods and Big Data techniques. They also drew on a huge database of the depth of the so-called &#8216;A horizon&#8217;, the top soil layer, and the total soil depth <strong>in 37,712 and 22,409 locations in the United States, respectively<\/strong>. Depth, the authors say, is crucial because it determines agricultural fertility and controls the hydrological cycle and biodiversity. Knowing its variation, therefore, becomes essential for planning crop management and soil conservation.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Another unique aspect of the study, published in the journal Nature, is the breadth of its <strong>time dimension<\/strong>, which spans 69 years, f<strong>rom 1950 to 2018<\/strong>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>By analysing such <strong>a broad horizon<\/strong>, the researchers were thus able to observe particularly relevant yet often ignored changes. Traditional erosion studies are limited to observing a period of no more than two years, the note notes. This analysis, on the other hand, extended over a sufficiently long period of time to allow, for example, the detection of a <strong>significant loss<\/strong> of the top soil layer in the <strong>Great Plains<\/strong>, where <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mollisol\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mollisol<\/a>, a particularly productive soil, is predominant, as well as in sloping areas and cultivated areas in general.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"rLXw4GoZ13\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/china-biocrusts-great-wall\/\">Biocrusts protect The Great Wall of China from erosion<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Biocrusts protect The Great Wall of China from erosion&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/china-biocrusts-great-wall\/embed\/#?secret=wodpT94GVn#?secret=rLXw4GoZ13\" data-secret=\"rLXw4GoZ13\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The climate effect<\/h5>\n<p>The analysis found a correlation between climate and &#8220;<strong>the spatial distribution of soil thickness<\/strong>, and land use and erosion associated with its temporal variation,&#8221; the study states. Moreover, &#8220;, \u201cThe A horizon and <strong>solum<\/strong> (i.e. the surface and subsurface layers, ed.) thickness displayed strong longitudinal patterns, correlated with soil moisture and temperature, respectively. Temporal changes in the thickness varied across land resource regions, affected by topography, land use, and erosion\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>According to the authors, the most significant loss of the A horizon occurred mainly in soils of the Central Great Plains, on steep slopes and in cultivated soils. \u201cThese findings \u2013 they explain, &#8211; enhanced our fundamental understanding of soil formation and biogeochemical cycles during the <strong>Anthropocene<\/strong> across scales and identified regions for <strong>conservation practices<\/strong> to reduce further topsoil loss.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"BfhQ9qEA7B\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/climate-mitigation-tibet-erosion\/\">Climate mitigation is the first barrier against erosion in Tibet<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Climate mitigation is the first barrier against erosion in Tibet&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/climate-mitigation-tibet-erosion\/embed\/#?secret=CTkDnsM0hd#?secret=BfhQ9qEA7B\" data-secret=\"BfhQ9qEA7B\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The human factor behind erosion<\/h5>\n<p>The study once again highlights the weight of human activities resulting in land-use change. A topic that has long attracted the attention of scientists. Last year, \u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.geoscienceworld.org\/gsa\/geology\/article-abstract\/51\/1\/44\/619178\/Pre-agricultural-soil-erosion-rates-in-the?redirectedFrom=fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study<\/a> sponsored by the <strong>National Science Foundation<\/strong>\u00a0 (NSF) and published in the journal Geology <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/soil-erosion-usa-speed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">found<\/a> that agricultural activity had produced an astonishing acceleration in the rate of erosion of agricultural soils in <strong>five states of the American Midwest<\/strong>: Iowa, Minnesota, South Dakota, Nebraska and Kansas.<\/p>\n<p>Before the arrival of modern agriculture, the authors explained, average erosion rates in the US prairies were about <strong>0.04 millimetres per year<\/strong>. This figure dates back to the last ice age, some 12,000 years ago. Since the advent of modern agriculture to the present, i.e. over the past 160 years, prairie farmland has been subjected to erosion rates <strong>up to a thousand times greater<\/strong>. With a total loss of no less than <strong>57.6 billion tonnes<\/strong> of topsoil.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Climate and land-use change have promoted erosion in the United States over the past 70 years. The Central Great Plains has experienced the most significant loss<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":34215,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,134],"tags":[190,187,239,224,188,186,163],"class_list":["post-34212","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-articles","tag-agriculture","tag-climate","tag-crops","tag-erosion","tag-research","tag-soil","tag-usa-en"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>How climate and human activities have eroded the US soil<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The most significant soil loss occurred mainly in the Central Great Plains, on slopes and in cultivated soils\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, 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