{"id":26793,"date":"2023-07-24T11:00:42","date_gmt":"2023-07-24T09:00:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/?p=26793"},"modified":"2023-07-15T22:35:24","modified_gmt":"2023-07-15T20:35:24","slug":"polyethylene-mulches-negative-effect","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/agricultural-industry\/polyethylene-mulches-negative-effect\/","title":{"rendered":"Polyethylene mulches leave behind &#8216;negative effects for decades&#8217;"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>A study on strawberry crops in California reveals: the extensive use of traditional plastic mulches causes the dispersion of micro and macro fragments in the soil. A phenomenon that is more serious than expected as over 350 particles per kilo of soil are counted<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>The use of <strong>plastic mulches<\/strong> can result in the dispersal of particles that are expected to remain in the soil for a long time, thus damaging its health, a <a href=\"https:\/\/conf.goldschmidt.info\/goldschmidt\/2023\/meetingapp.cgi\/Paper\/18996\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research<\/a> from <strong>California Polytechnic State University<\/strong> presented at the <a href=\"https:\/\/conf.goldschmidt.info\/goldschmidt\/2023\/goldschmidt\/2023\/meetingapp.cgi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Goldschmidt Geochemical Conference<\/a> in Lyon in recent weeks has found. The study focused on Californian strawberry fields.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;What we are seeing a huge quantity of macroplastic plastic material\u2014particles bigger than 5mm across\u2014being shed where the mulch is used to enhance strawberry production,&#8221; said US university researcher <strong>Ekta Tiwari<\/strong> in a <a href=\"https:\/\/phys.org\/news\/2023-07-strawberry-fields-production-long-term-plastic.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">statement<\/a> released on the occasion. &#8220;These can remain in the soil for decades or longer.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"hRZ9JSMvDC\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/compost-non-compostable-materials\/\">Plastic, glass, metals: the &#8220;enemies&#8221; that dirty the compost<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Plastic, glass, metals: the &#8220;enemies&#8221; that dirty the compost&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/compost-non-compostable-materials\/embed\/#?secret=YIYzfuz26S#?secret=hRZ9JSMvDC\" data-secret=\"hRZ9JSMvDC\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Mulches are useful but not without drawbacks<\/h5>\n<p>Typically <strong>polyethylene<\/strong>-based, plastic mulches are often applied around the base of the plant. Their use helps to control weeds and pathogens, reduce water evaporation and prevent soil build-up on the fruit. Once the harvest is complete, <strong>the sheets are removed<\/strong>. And this is where the problems begin.<\/p>\n<p>Even if the removal is actually done (but there are still many cases in which this is not done, in order to save time and costs), some plastic fragments escape, adhering to the soil. So much so that many years later it is still possible to observe their accumulation. During the study, the researchers focused in particular on so-called <strong>micro- and macroplastics<\/strong>, i.e. those pieces with a diameter of less than and more than 5 millimetres respectively.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"wS7KGLQZvm\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/plastic-europe-waste-problem\/\">Plastic packaging: Europe faces a waste problem<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Plastic packaging: Europe faces a waste problem&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/plastic-europe-waste-problem\/embed\/#?secret=QErVEUm9cZ#?secret=wS7KGLQZvm\" data-secret=\"wS7KGLQZvm\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The Study<\/h5>\n<p>The researchers explored the abundance and composition of plastic parts on several strawberry farms that used low-density polyethylene (LDPE) mulch sheets in central <strong>California<\/strong>. Here, according the presentation of the research, &#8220;The concentration of macroplastic fragments ranged <strong>from 3909 \u00b1 614 particles\/ha to 213500 \u00b1 33730 particles\/ha<\/strong> in surface soil following normative mulch removal.&#8221;<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The analysis of the <strong>microparticles<\/strong> is still ongoing. At the moment \u201cpreliminary data suggests the MP concentration reached <strong>352 \u00b1 36 particles\/kg<\/strong> dry weight of soil.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Polyethylene, the study recalls, was the dominant polymer type among the macro\/microplastics extracted, confirming that mulches may be <strong>a major source of plastic pollution<\/strong> in agricultural soils. The researchers are still exploring the relationships between plastic concentration and various biogeochemical characteristics of the soil.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_12379\" style=\"width: 962px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-12379\" class=\"size-full wp-image-12379\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Schermata-2021-12-14-alle-12.06.21.png\" alt=\"Stima delle quantit\u00e0 annue di plastica utilizzata nei terreni agricoli mondiali divise per tipologie di prodotto. FONTE: Assessment of Agricultural plastics and their sustainability. FAO, 2021\" width=\"952\" height=\"524\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Schermata-2021-12-14-alle-12.06.21.png 952w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Schermata-2021-12-14-alle-12.06.21-300x165.png 300w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Schermata-2021-12-14-alle-12.06.21-768x423.png 768w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/Schermata-2021-12-14-alle-12.06.21-705x388.png 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 952px) 100vw, 952px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-12379\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Estimated annual quantities of plastic used in agricultural land worldwide divided by product type. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/publications\/card\/en\/c\/CB7856EN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assessment of Agricultural plastics and their sustainability. FAO, 2021<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n<h5>Global agriculture makes extensive use of single-use plastics<\/h5>\n<p>The study, the researchers emphasise, provides some data that help understand the extent of plastic pollution in the US agricultural system and beyond. At the same time, it stimulates efforts to improve land management practices and assesses the consequences of soil contamination, which is an increasingly important issue. &#8220;Application of single-use plastic in the agriculture sector <strong>has increased tremendously<\/strong>, covering millions of acres of land worldwide,&#8221; the presentation continues.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p><strong>US farms<\/strong>, in particular, &#8220;are expected to generate nearly <strong>860 million pounds<\/strong> of plastic waste annually, with single-use low-density polyethylene mulches used in row crops contributing a significant amount to total plastic waste.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The fragments that are bound to accumulate will inevitably become &#8220;a serious threat to the environment and human health.&#8221; According to the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fao.org\/publications\/card\/en\/c\/CB7856EN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FAO<\/a>, global demand for plastic films for agricultural use (greenhouses, mulches and silage) <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/plastic-contamination-in-agricultural-land\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">will increase by 50 per cent<\/a>, from 6.1 million tonnes in 2018 to<strong> 9.5 million tonnes<\/strong> in 2030.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"fmrFkuYkqY\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/india-microplastics-mulch-films\/\">Mulch films under fire in India as microplastics pollution gets worrysome<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Mulch films under fire in India as microplastics pollution gets worrysome&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/india-microplastics-mulch-films\/embed\/#?secret=WiulZlveWe#?secret=fmrFkuYkqY\" data-secret=\"fmrFkuYkqY\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The biodegradable and compostable alternative<\/h5>\n<p>&#8220;We tend to think that strawberries are simply things to be enjoyed, but this shows that even something as delicious as fresh strawberries can come with a cost to the environment,&#8221; Tiwari added. &#8220;We are working with the manufacturers to see if we can mitigate these costs.&#8221; Some alternatives, anyway, are currently available. Alongside polyethylene products, in fact, there are also natural covers, such as those made from straw, as well as <strong>biodegradable and compostable<\/strong> <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/news\/agricoltura-plastiche-bio\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mulches<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Bio-sheets made of compostable polymers in particular are proving to be a highly effective and easy-to-manage solution. Their usefulness <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.european-bioplastics.org\/PR\/2017\/EUBP_PR_EP_Plenum_votes_for_biodegradable_mulch_films_20171024.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">was officially recognised<\/a> by the European Parliament as early as October 2017. Unlike their traditional plastic equivalents, in fact, biodegradable films <strong>do not have to be collected and disposed of<\/strong> at the end of the crop cycle. Instead, they are incorporated into the soil where they biodegrade, transforming into carbon dioxide, water and biomass and, above all, <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/news\/pacciamatura-bioplastiche-fertilita\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">without generating any toxic effects<\/a>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L\u2019ampio utilizzo delle pellicole da pacciamatura nelle colture di fragole si traduce nella dispersione di micro e macro frammenti di plastica nel suolo. Un fenomeno, rivela uno studio californiano, i cui effetti possono manifestarsi per decenni<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":26775,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,134],"tags":[190,219,161,239,221,150,188,186,163,208],"class_list":["post-26793","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agricultural-industry","category-articles","tag-agriculture","tag-bioplastics","tag-composting","tag-crops","tag-food","tag-plastics","tag-research","tag-soil","tag-usa-en","tag-waste"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Polyethylene mulches leave behind &#039;negative effects for decades&#039;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nei campi di fragole USA la frammentazione dei teli da pacciamatura in polietilene 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