{"id":26489,"date":"2023-07-04T11:00:50","date_gmt":"2023-07-04T09:00:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/?p=26489"},"modified":"2023-07-04T11:26:49","modified_gmt":"2023-07-04T09:26:49","slug":"carbon-soil-climate-change","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/environment\/carbon-soil-climate-change\/","title":{"rendered":"Subsoil carbon is particularly vulnerable to climate change"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>International study shows how, at one meter depth, soil gives up more than one-third of its pyrogenic carbon after experiencing a 4\u00b0C temperature rise in less than five years<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Soil is an invaluable resource for <strong>storing carbon<\/strong>. But the stress generated by climate change makes the soil itself particularly vulnerable by reducing its ability to store the element. This is highlighted in a recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41561-023-01142-1#rightslink\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study<\/a> involving researchers from <strong>Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory<\/strong>, California, and the <strong>University of Zurich<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Our study shows that climate change will affect all aspects of soil carbon and nutrient cycling. It also shows that in terms of carbon sequestration, there\u2019s no silver bullet,&#8221; explained <strong>Margaret Torn<\/strong>, Berkeley Lab researcher and lead author of the investigation in a note released by the U.S. university. &#8220;IIf we want soil to sustain carbon sequestration in a warming world,&#8221; she added, &#8220;we will need better soil management practices, which can mean minimal disturbance of soils during forest management and agriculture.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"3PagbVeM6Y\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/canada-carbon-project\/\">Canadian researchers start a soil carbon measurement project<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Canadian researchers start a soil carbon measurement project&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/canada-carbon-project\/embed\/#?secret=QLM9Slds7A#?secret=3PagbVeM6Y\" data-secret=\"3PagbVeM6Y\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Grasslands, pastures and forests capture a quarter of global CO2<\/h5>\n<p>The carbon captured by forests, grasslands and pastures, researchers recall, amounts to about <strong>25 percent of global emissions<\/strong>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/carbon-trees-finland\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">role of plants<\/a>, which store the element in cell walls and soil during photosynthesis, is crucial. Carbon stored by soil is about twice the total in the atmosphere. Half of that amount lies below the top 20 centimeters.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>The problem is that a vicious cycle is created between soil and <strong>climate change<\/strong>. Deforestation and agriculture, the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2022\/04\/04\/climate\/climate-change-ipcc-un.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">recalls<\/a>, are responsible for about <strong>one-fifth<\/strong> of global greenhouse gases.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>These emissions promote rising temperatures, which, in turn, lead to a significant decline in carbon stocks stored in soils. By 2021, the same group of researchers had estimated <strong>a 33 percent loss<\/strong> over five years in forest soils. The new study highlights in more detail the dynamics that lead to the loss of organic carbon created by plants during photosynthesis.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"8Yw8icXOfK\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/forest-carbon-nitrogen\/\">Variety of trees promotes carbon and nitrogen sequestration<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Variety of trees promotes carbon and nitrogen sequestration&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/forest-carbon-nitrogen\/embed\/#?secret=2wVZ15EpOl#?secret=8Yw8icXOfK\" data-secret=\"8Yw8icXOfK\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The study<\/h5>\n<p>In the experiment, conducted at the University of California&#8217;s Blodgett Forest Research Station in the Sierra Nevada, researchers <strong>warmed soil layers up to one meter deep by 4 degrees Celsius<\/strong>, simulating the conditions predicted for the end of the 21st century (+4\u00b0C precisely) in the case of no significant reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;After <strong>4.5 years of warming<\/strong>, the absolute concentration of pyrogenic carbon (per gram soil) was <strong>37\u2009\u00b1\u20098% lower<\/strong> in warmed subsoils,&#8221; the research states.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In addition, &#8220;the wood-derived compound <strong>lignin<\/strong> was 17% lower. Finally, <strong>hydrolysable lipids<\/strong> were 28\u2009\u00b1\u20093% lower in warmed compared with control subsoils.&#8221; These lipids, the researchers point out, are typically composed of cutin and suberin, the compounds found in leaves, stems and roots that protect plants from pathogens.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_26437\" style=\"width: 1798px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-26437\" class=\"size-full wp-image-26437\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo.jpg\" alt=\"Variazioni della presenza di carbonio pirogenico e di polimeri vegetali a diverse profondit\u00e0 del suolo in risposta al riscaldamento. Le concentrazioni di carbonio pirogenico (a), lignina (b) e lipidi idrolizzabili (c) per grammo di suolo non erano significativamente diverse negli strati superficiali (0-20 cm), ma erano decisamente pi\u00f9 basse nei sottosuoli riscaldati rispetto a quelli di controllo (20-90 cm). I valori indicati sono le differenze tra le parcelle riscaldate e quelle di controllo espresse in percentuale (valori negativi in rosso, valori positivi in blu). I quadrati neri mostrano la media (n = 3), mentre i cerchi grigi indicano i singoli punti dati. Le barre rappresentano l'errore standard della media. Fonte: Zosso, C.U., Ofiti, N.O.E., Torn, M.S. et al. Rapid loss of complex polymers and pyrogenic carbon in subsoils under whole-soil warming. Nat. Geosci. 16, 344\u2013348 (2023). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41561-023-01142-1 Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)\" width=\"1788\" height=\"764\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo.jpg 1788w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo-300x128.jpg 300w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo-1030x440.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo-768x328.jpg 768w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo-1536x656.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo-1500x641.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/06\/perdita-carbonio-suolo-705x301.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1788px) 100vw, 1788px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-26437\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Changes in abundance of PyC and plant polymers at different depths in response to warming. <strong>a<\/strong>\u2013<strong>c<\/strong>, Concentrations of PyC (<strong>a<\/strong>), lignin (<strong>b<\/strong>) and hydrolysable lipids (<strong>c<\/strong>) per gram soil were not significantly different in the topsoil (0\u201320\u2009cm) but were significantly lower in warmed compared with control subsoils (20\u201390\u2009cm). Values shown are the differences between the warmed and control plots expressed as a percentage ((warmed\u2009\u2013\u2009control)\/control\u2009\u00d7\u2009100%), with negative values in red and positive values in blue. Black squares show the mean (<em>n<\/em>\u2009=\u20093), and grey circles indicate the single data points. Error bars represent the standard error of the mean (s.e.m.). Source: Zosso, C.U., Ofiti, N.O.E., Torn, M.S. et al. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41561-023-01142-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rapid loss of complex polymers and pyrogenic carbon in subsoils under whole-soil warming<\/a>. Nat. Geosci. 16, 344\u2013348 (2023) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)<\/p><\/div>\n<h5>New studies on soil carbon planned<\/h5>\n<p>The study looked at <strong>pyrogenic carbon<\/strong>, which is that soil organic carbon that originates from burned vegetation and other remnants of organic matter that have undergone fire. This subsurface element is considered to be very stable, that is, not very prone to leakage that would lead to additional CO2 emissions.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>However, the study concludes, pyrogenic carbon is &#8220;<strong>vulnerable to decomposition<\/strong> and propose that molecular structure alone may not protect compounds from degradation under future warming.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The researchers let it be known that they plan to sample the soil under study again in another four and a half years to determine the impact of <strong>nine years of warming<\/strong> on soil composition and health. A similar new experiment is also planned in the grasslands of the Point Reyes National Seashore in northern California.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>International study shows how, at one meter depth, soil gives up more than one-third of its pyrogenic carbon after experiencing a 4\u00b0C temperature rise in less than five years<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":26491,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,134],"tags":[220,187,165,237,188,186],"class_list":["post-26489","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-articles","tag-carbon","tag-climate","tag-forests","tag-organic-matter","tag-research","tag-soil"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Subsoil carbon is 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