{"id":20270,"date":"2022-08-29T11:00:39","date_gmt":"2022-08-29T09:00:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/?p=20270"},"modified":"2022-08-30T18:08:53","modified_gmt":"2022-08-30T16:08:53","slug":"brazil-amazon-spending-forest","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/environment\/brazil-amazon-spending-forest\/","title":{"rendered":"Protecting the Amazon would require minimal spending, a study says"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>In the Brazilian Amazon, costs per hectare of anti-deforestation policies are hundreds of times lower than in protected areas in Europe. But government commitment remains largely weak<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Brazilian Amazon could be saved with little expense. All it would take is political will. That is the conclusion of a recent study <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mongabay.com\/2022\/07\/protecting-brazils-amazon-could-be-a-bargain-if-the-government-were-willing-to-pay\/?utm_medium=Social&amp;utm_source=Twitter#Echobox=1657304294-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">quoted by<\/a> the American NGO Mongabay. Transforming <strong>more than 80 percent<\/strong> of the Planet&#8217;s main forest into a protected area would imply about <strong>half the expenditure<\/strong> incurred by the <strong>European Union<\/strong> for the protection of its conservation areas, according to <a href=\"https:\/\/www.perspectecolconserv.com\/en-minimum-costs-conserve-80-brazilian-articulo-S253006442200027X\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a survey<\/a> conducted by a pool of researchers from the Universities of Miami, Bel\u00e9m and Rio de Janeiro.<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\" data-width=\"550\" data-dnt=\"true\">\n<p lang=\"en\" dir=\"ltr\">Protecting Brazil\u2019s Amazon could be a bargain \u2014 if the government were willing to pay <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/ca1Esoecu7\">https:\/\/t.co\/ca1Esoecu7<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; Mongabay (@mongabay) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/mongabay\/status\/1543923431086981121?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw\">July 4, 2022<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<h5>In Brazil faces very low per-hectare costs<\/h5>\n<p>The comparison is impressive considering the huge difference in per-unit cost. Europe&#8217;s annual spending amounts to <strong>$5.3 billion<\/strong> and is aimed at protecting just one million hectares of land. In Brazil, protected areas cover <strong>220 million hectares<\/strong>, or 51 percent of the Amazon Forest. Expanding protection over another 130 million hectares of land &#8211; thus reaching <strong>83 percent of the forest<\/strong> &#8211; would entail an initial expenditure of $1 billion to $1.6 billion.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>Once completed, annual maintenance costs for the entire protected area would be <strong>between $1.7 billion and $2.8 billion<\/strong> per year.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>Considering that the extent of the total protected area exceeds by <strong>more than two hundred times<\/strong> the size of the safeguarded territory in Europe, the resuting costs per hectare are on balance incredibly low.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"3wHMdW5pJZ\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-bolsonaro-land-grabbing\/\">Brazil, a law has deprived Indigenous people of 250,000 hectares in two years<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Brazil, a law has deprived Indigenous people of 250,000 hectares in two years&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-bolsonaro-land-grabbing\/embed\/#?secret=aSyu5oj58g#?secret=3wHMdW5pJZ\" data-secret=\"3wHMdW5pJZ\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The estimate<\/h5>\n<p>The main driver of the gap is the size of the territories, which appear much less disaggregated when compared with their European counterparts. &#8220;A key factor explaining the difference between the costs is the distribution of the respective protected areas in the Amazon and in Europe,&#8221; writes Mongabay quoting <strong>Jos\u00e9 Maria Cardoso da Silva<\/strong>, a researcher in the Department of Geography and Sustainable Development, University of Miami and co-author of the study.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;While the European system includes <strong>hundreds of small conservation units<\/strong> located amid densely populated areas,&#8221; the NGO notes, &#8220;in the Amazon they consist of large swaths of forest areas with low population density.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The <strong>expenditure estimate<\/strong> first takes into account the expected labor costs in the different protected areas &#8211; such as indigenous lands, vacant public lands and conservation priority areas &#8211; and the number of workers needed to manage each territory. To make a reliable estimate, the researchers took into account the<strong> average annual salaries<\/strong> of public company employees, obtained from the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and doubled the total. This provides a realistic figure that takes into account additional burdens such as infrastructure maintenance, transportation and more.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"LZL1AWoVgB\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/ft-amazon-brazil-funds\/\">Investment funds don&#8217;t leave Brazil despite Amazon deforestation, FT writes<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Investment funds don&#8217;t leave Brazil despite Amazon deforestation, FT writes&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/ft-amazon-brazil-funds\/embed\/#?secret=IVLhiu8Mup#?secret=LZL1AWoVgB\" data-secret=\"LZL1AWoVgB\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Amazon management fuels criticism<\/h5>\n<p>The study highlights <strong>significant management failures<\/strong> in the Amazon by implicitly calling government choices into question. So-called &#8220;free public lands&#8221; in the forest, for example, could easily be turned into protected areas. But in many cases this is not happening. A 2020 <a href=\"https:\/\/ipam.org.br\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/lawless-land-in-no-man-s-land.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">study<\/a> by the University of Bel\u00e9m, for example, found that nearly one-fifth (23 percent) of the <strong>49.9 million hectares<\/strong> of vacant public lands in the Brazilian Amazon are illegitimately registered as private property.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, a <a href=\"https:\/\/iopscience.iop.org\/article\/10.1088\/1748-9326\/ac5193\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">research<\/a> released in recent months in the journal Environmental Research Letters pointed out that in 2019-20 <strong>nearly 98 percent of reports<\/strong> of illegal deforestation practices in the region resulted in nothing. The survey, by a team of researchers led by <strong>Marcondes G. Coelho-Junior<\/strong>, a researcher at the Instituto de Florestas of the Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/deforestation-unpunished-in-brazil-as-the-government-ignores-almost-every-alert\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is a clear act of accusation<\/a> against President <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-funds-amazon\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jair Bolsonaro<\/a>&#8216;s cabinet.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"7Ty14GV8nW\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-funds-amazon\/\">Financial firms put pressure on Bolsonaro: &#8220;Brazil must save the Amazon&#8221;<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Financial firms put pressure on Bolsonaro: &#8220;Brazil must save the Amazon&#8221;&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/brazil-funds-amazon\/embed\/#?secret=yvRYsxGnRa#?secret=7Ty14GV8nW\" data-secret=\"7Ty14GV8nW\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>The government spends just 0.03% of its budget for the Amazon<\/h5>\n<p>Also highlighting the scale of the problem is the <strong>small size of investments<\/strong>. By 2022, Mongabay notes, the combined budget of the two main land protection agencies-Funai and ICMBio-is just over $250 million, a figure equal to just <strong>0.03 percent of Brazil&#8217;s public spending<\/strong>. The one headed by Jair Bolsonaro, the NGO recalls, is also the first government since the end of the military dictatorship (1985) not to have demarcated any of the 235 indigenous territories still awaiting official recognition.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;The conservation costs of the existing conservation system in the Brazilian Amazon are mainly covered by the <strong>government budget<\/strong> with some support from international collaboration initiatives,&#8221; the researchers write. &#8220;However, these resources are insufficient, and there is a considerable funding gap across all types of conservation areas.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In recent years, the authors write, executives have reduced spending in support of the areas. &#8220;The main reasons are <strong>recurrent severe economic<\/strong> and political crises as well as the <strong>anti-environmental attitude<\/strong> of the current government.&#8221;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the Brazilian Amazon, costs per hectare of anti-deforestation policies are hundreds of times lower than in protected areas in Europe. But government commitment remains largely weak<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":20272,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[144,134],"tags":[216,200,187,189,165,198,188],"class_list":["post-20270","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-environment","category-articles","tag-amazon","tag-biodiversity","tag-climate","tag-european-union","tag-forests","tag-latin-america","tag-research"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.4 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Protecting the Amazon would require minimal spending<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Protecting 83 percent of the Amazon would result in an additional expenditure of less than $3 billion a year, a research has suggested\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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Extending protection over another 130 million hectares would cost no more than $2.8 billion a year. 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