{"id":19239,"date":"2022-06-23T17:19:45","date_gmt":"2022-06-23T15:19:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/articles\/dinosauri-minaccia-per-il-suolo\/"},"modified":"2022-07-03T11:33:12","modified_gmt":"2022-07-03T09:33:12","slug":"dinosaurs-mechanical-threat-soil","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/agricultural-industry\/dinosaurs-mechanical-threat-soil\/","title":{"rendered":"Mechanical dinosaurs are the ultimate threat to soil"},"content":{"rendered":"<h2>The weight of harvesters averages 36 tons approaching burdens of sauropods walking on Earth hundreds of millions of years ago. The resulting soil compaction is now putting both ecosystem balance and crop yields at risk<\/h2>\n<p style=\"text-align: center;\">by Matteo Cavallito<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>What would happen to any agricultural soil when trampled by the heaviest of the <strong>dinosaurs<\/strong> that ever walked on Earth&#8217;s face? It may sound like a pointless, meaningless and absurd question. However, some scientists now explain, we should actually pay attentiotn to the problem question. Because a similar phenomenon is now occurring every day in crop fields around the world,. With serious consequences for their equilibrium.<\/p>\n<p>The giant herbivores have nothing to do with it, of course. Instead, says <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2117699119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">a study<\/a> recently published in the journal <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS)<\/em>, the world is now dealing with an escalating problem: the burden of <strong>agricultural machinery<\/strong>. Indeed, the researchers note, harvesters &#8220;exceed by far the heaviest living terrestrial animals &#8211; African bush elephants, with a maximum body mass of ca. 8,000 kg &#8211; and are now approaching that of the heaviest animals that ever walked on Earth: <strong>sauropods<\/strong>.&#8221; A trend that threatens to add mechanical tractors to the list of soil enemies as well.<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"6zBhLldaIu\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/us-erosion-worse-than-expected\/\">Erosion in U.S. worse-than-expected, new study says<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;Erosion in U.S. worse-than-expected, new study says&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/us-erosion-worse-than-expected\/embed\/#?secret=PbsmwDoeuS#?secret=6zBhLldaIu\" data-secret=\"6zBhLldaIu\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Weight of farm machinery has increased 10-fold in 60 years<\/h5>\n<p>In just over 60 years, &#8220;The total weight of laden combine harvesters <strong>has increased nearly 10-fold<\/strong>, from around 4,000 kg in 1958 to about 36,000 kg in 2020, with wheel loads of the front axle increasing from 1,500 to 12,500 kg,&#8221; write authors Thomas Keller, of Uppsala University in Sweden, and Dani Or of the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich. The increase in tire size results from the need to reduce pressure on the ground surface, thus preventing the vehicle from sinking. This principle behind the evolution of dinosaur feet. Larger wheel diameters, the study continues, allowed <strong>the pressure exerted on the ground<\/strong> to remain essentially constant to this day.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>According to the researchers, however, the increased weight of the machinery eventually chronically compacts the soil to a depth of <strong>about 20 centimeters below<\/strong> the tilled surface.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>The consequences are obvious. Root growth space is reduced limiting plants&#8217; access to water and nutrients with an <strong>impact on crop yields<\/strong>. Oxygenation is also reduced harming crops and soil organisms which are known to perform important ecosystem functions. Finally, more compacted soil limits water uptake thus facilitating <strong>flooding<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_19217\" style=\"width: 2570px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-19217\" class=\"size-full wp-image-19218\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-scaled.jpg\" alt=\"Keller, Or, \u201cFarm vehicles approaching weights of sauropods exceed safe mechanical limits for soil functioning\u201d https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2117699119, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 16 maggio 2022 Copyright \u00a9 2022 Thomas Keller, Dani Or Published by PNAS Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)\" width=\"2560\" height=\"1936\" srcset=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-scaled.jpg 2560w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-300x227.jpg 300w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-1030x779.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-768x581.jpg 768w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-1536x1161.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-2048x1548.jpg 2048w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-1500x1134.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/mappa-stress-suolo-705x533.jpg 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-19217\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Soil compaction is most severe (higher index values) in Europe, North and South America and Australia. Source: Keller, Or, \u201cFarm vehicles approaching weights of sauropods exceed safe mechanical limits for soil functioning\u201d, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.2117699119\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), 16 maggio 2022<\/a> Copyright \u00a9 2022 Thomas Keller, Dani Or Published by PNAS Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0)<\/p><\/div>\n<h5>20 percent of global agricultural land is at risk<\/h5>\n<p>The survey made it possible to <strong>map<\/strong> the problem globally. The researchers, in particular, developed an index called the Subsoil compaction susceptibility index (SCSI), which takes into account a number of factors in measuring the level of severity of the phenomenon. Results are worrisome.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>&#8220;The fraction of arable land that is presently at high risk of subsoil compaction is about <strong>20% of global cropland area<\/strong>&#8220;, the study says. The phenomenon appears to be most concentrated &#8220;in mechanized regions in <strong>Europe, North America, South America, and Australia<\/strong>.&#8221;<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p>In contrast, the research states, &#8220;Despite a rapid increase in the number of tractors, most of Asia, including India and China, exhibits low SCSI values due to small farms that require small tractors. Values of the SCSI (index, ed.) are low in <strong>sub-Saharan Africa<\/strong> because of low mechanization levels. Nevertheless, trends in land aggregation in these regions and the emergence of business models for provision of services using larger agricultural vehicles (for efficiency) may drive the SCSI toward values presently found in high-income countries.&#8221;<\/p>\n<div class='avia-iframe-wrap'>\n<blockquote class=\"wp-embedded-content\" data-secret=\"srLzT2pHDZ\"><p><a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/climate-change-biological-crusts\/\">The world may lose biological crusts due to climate change<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" class=\"wp-embedded-content\" sandbox=\"allow-scripts\" security=\"restricted\" style=\"position: absolute; clip: rect(1px, 1px, 1px, 1px);\" title=\"&#8220;The world may lose biological crusts due to climate change&#8221; &#8212; Re Soil Foundation\" src=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/articles\/climate-change-biological-crusts\/embed\/#?secret=6ATEJY4FTq#?secret=srLzT2pHDZ\" data-secret=\"srLzT2pHDZ\" width=\"600\" height=\"338\" frameborder=\"0\" marginwidth=\"0\" marginheight=\"0\" scrolling=\"no\"><\/iframe><\/div>\n<h5>Rethinking machines (and agriculture)<\/h5>\n<p>Finally, the authors evoke the so-called &#8220;sauropod paradox.&#8221; By moving with their full weight, dinosaurs damaged the soil and its ability to sustain the plants they fed on. How it was possible for these animals to survive <strong>in balance with the ecosystem<\/strong> for millions of years remains a mystery. However, researchers, say, the current use of agricultural machinery is not sustainable.<\/p>\n<p>Hence the call for new technological solutions to minimize the effect of compaction on the soil. However, the Australian network <em>The Conversation<\/em> <a href=\"https:\/\/theconversation.com\/farm-vehicles-now-weigh-almost-as-much-as-heaviest-dinosaurs-heres-why-thats-a-problem-182992\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">is suggesting<\/a> different solutions.\u00a0 Today, a recent article states, &#8220;we could <strong>reduce the need for such large machines<\/strong> in the first place by growing food using smaller machines on smaller parcels of land, particularly in high-risk zones.&#8221; It would also make sense to break up land parcels devoted to monoculture with elements such as flower fields, <a href=\"https:\/\/resoilfoundation.org\/en\/environment\/climate-crisis-hedgerows\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">hedgerows<\/a> and trees. Natural solutions that promote carbon sequestration, water management and soil biodiversity.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The weight of harvesters averages 36 tons approaching burdens of sauropods walking on Earth hundreds of millions of years ago. The resulting soil compaction is now putting both ecosystem balance and crop yields at risk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":19245,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[158,134],"tags":[190,204,224,247,188,186],"class_list":["post-19239","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-agricultural-industry","category-articles","tag-agriculture","tag-ecosystems","tag-erosion","tag-monitoraggio-en","tag-research","tag-soil"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Mechanical dinosaurs are the ultimate threat to soil<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Increasingly heavy farm machinery is making soil more compact, thus damaging plants and threatening crop yields\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, 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